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Download references. Authors thank: Dr. The research was also carried out with the equipment Agilent Technologies SuperNova purchased thanks to the financial support of the European Regional Development Found in the framework of the Polish Innovation Economy Operational Program contract no. Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, ul. Sylwia M. You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar. Correspondence to Sylwia M.
Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author s and the source are credited. Reprints and Permissions. Zelek, S.
Miner Petrol , — Download citation. Received : 02 August Accepted : 05 March Published : 30 March Issue Date : October Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:. Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article. Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative. Shovels, hand picks and black powder explosives were used to excavate the rock, which was then transported to the surface in wooden barrels.
The work was back-breaking and often dark and uncomfortable. Up until the introduction of electricity to the mine in the s tallow candles were stuck to the rock and used to light the working face.
Bundles of unused candles can still be found in the old cavities of the mine to this day. The Winsford mine was closed in to make way for the local Northwich mines. The salt market in the UK at the time was overcrowded and there was no room for two such close competitors. However, the Northwich mines were flooded in which led to the re-opening of the Winsford mine — and it remains in production today, making it the oldest working salt mine still in production today.
These mines vary in depth from metres to a mile or more. Within the mines there are networks of pathways formed by the areas from which salt has already been extracted, and they are used as roads for mining vehicles to move from one part of the mine to another, and also used by the personnel to move from the shafts to the working face.
A machine similar to the pneumatic drill for digging up roads is used on the working face. It has a rotating head carrying tungsten-carbide tips, which bores into the salt. The lumps are then taken to a crushing and screening plant, without the need to be crushed by a feeder-breaker first. Care must be taken to ensure that the mine is stable by leaving substantial pillars of salt to support the mine roof.
This technique has been used for hundreds of years, and at Winsford you can see the pillars left by the original miners of the s. Halite is called an evaporite because it is formed by the evaporation of saline water in partially enclosed basins. It is very common worldwide, deposited in solid underground masses, and as a dissolved solution in oceans and many arid-region inland lakes. Huge halite deposits are mined for common table salt NaCl , which is in great demand and has many uses, including:.
When halite occurs in non-arid regions, it is only possible for it to exist in underground deposits, as anything on the surface would dissolve from rainwater.
Indeed, a great deal of halite is found in ancient bedrock all over the world where large extinct salt lakes and seas evaporated millions of years ago, leaving behind thick deposits of salt in beds that range from a few feet to more than 1, feet in thickness. Deformation of some underground halite beds sometimes results in the extrusion of plugs of salt through overlying sediment, as in the salt domes and diapirs found in Texas and Louisiana.
The cities of Cleveland and Detroit rest above huge halite deposits that are mined for road salt. These deposits are mined by drilling wells into the salt layer, and pumping hot water to quickly dissolve the salt. When the water becomes saturated with dissolved salt the solution is known as "brine" , it is pumped out.
When the brine evaporates, the remainder is primarily sodium chloride, which is refined and utilized. Inland lakes that are rich in salt exist in many arid regions, especially in the desert Southwest. In such lakes there is more water being evaporated than the amount entering, causing the volume of water to decrease, while increasing its salinity.
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